Abstract: The current study deals with the rock successions of the Chia Gara Formation (Late Jurassic- Early Cretaceous) in two outcrop sections (Rania and Barsarin) from the northern part of Iraq. The successions are composed of hard limestone and dark grey fissile shale containing bituminous materials, with phaciod structures in its lower part, and Ammonite fossils in its upper part. The Chia Gara Formation in the study sections conformably underlies the Barsarin Formation. However, it conformably overlies the Balambo Formation in the Rania section, while it is conformably overlain by the Sarmord Formation in the Barsarin section.Petrographic examinations have revealed that the most abundant skeletal grains are ammonite, radiolaria and, calcispheres. However, siliceous sponge spicules and ostracode are locally present and occur in a minor amount in the micritic groundmass. The detailed facies analysis of the rock successions of the Chia Gara Formation reveals that they are composed of three main microfacies and two lithofacies. The microfacies include lime mudstone, lime wackestone, and lime packstone, these microfacies are subdivided into seven submicroficias. On the other hand, the lithofacies comprise limestone and shale lithofacies. Based on the evidence from microfacies, lithofacies, the Chia Gara Formation was inferred to be deposited in a deep marine environment. Thus, the lower, middle and, upper part of the successions was deposited in the upper bathyal, middle bathyal and, outer shelf setting respectively.

Abstract: For its vastness and range of crops, the Khazir River Basin is an important agricultural region. Since groundwater supplies domestic and agricultural water, it is heavily pumped there. This study maps groundwater contamination risk and identifies high-risk locations. GIS was utilized for computations and producing maps of vulnerable water-bearing units. The most influential factors that play a major role in groundwater pollution have been considered and are the heart of DRASTIC model. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 30 meters resolution was used to create the slope map (Topography map) of the area. Due to the fact that the land in the study area is intensively utilized for agricultural purposes where fertilizers are always used for improving crop production, two types of DRASTIC models have been run, i.e., under two scenarios, one as a standard, following as (S-DRASIC) and the other as a pesticide DRASTIC approach denoted as (P-DRASTIC). The results clearly show that the areas of; shallow groundwater depths, porous aquifer media, highly permeable soil media, low slope terrains, thin and permeable vadose zone, and finally an aquifer of high hydraulic conductivity reveal high vulnerability to contamination.

Abstract: قیمت الترسبات المتراکمة فی خزان سد الوند فیزیائیا وکیمیائیا ومعدنیا وبینت النتائج بان الرواسب ذات طبیعة غرینیة طینیة تغلب فیها نسبة الغرین على باقی المکونات وهی رواسب متوسطة اللدونة. فیما أشارت نتائج التحالیل الکیمیائیة والمعدنیة بأن الرواسب تتکون بصورة أساسیة من أوکسید السلیکا(SiO2) وکاربونات الکالسیوم (CaO) اللذان یرتبط وجودهما بوجود معدنی الکوارتز والکالسایت کمکون رئیسی من ناحیة والمعادن الطینیة وخاصة الکلورایت الغالب فی الرواسب من ناحیة أخرى . شکلت مجموعة من الطابوق المختبری بواقع (8) عینات بطریقة الکبس شبه الجاف باستخدام جهاز المکبس الهیدرولیکی أحادی المحور و بضغط مقداره (250) کغم\سم2, ثم حرقت هذه العینات بدرجة حرارة (950) م°وحسب برنامج خاص وبزیادة زمنیة مقدارها (4) درجات مئویة لکل خمس دقائق وبفترة إنضاج (Soaking Time) مقدارها ساعة واحدة فقط . امتازت العینات المحضرة من الرواسب بتقلص طولی وحجمی للمواقع (C,B,A) مقداره (0,9-1,1-1.3%(,(4,4- 4.1-4,2(%على التوالی .ومقاومة انضغاط ونسبة امتصاص ماء للمواقع (C,B,A) مقداره ( 73-85-76 کغم /سم 2),( -27.5-27.226.1%) على التوالی, فیما کان التزهر (خفیف-معدوم). واستنادا الى المواصفة القياسية العراقية رقم (25) لسنة (1993) صنفت عينات الرواسب المتراكمة في خزان سد الوند ضمن الصنف (ج) وهي صالحة لصناعة الطابوق .

Abstract: AbstractThe current study aimed to show the utility of the velocity deviation technique in determining the porosity types of Sheikh Allas Formation in the Kirkuk oil field. Log data collected from two selected wells in the study area were analyzed. 46 thin section slides at certain depths were used to identify porosity types. The sonic log was utilized to estimate the true velocity, while neutron and density logs were employed to estimate porosity. Velocity deviation was calculated by subtracting the porosity log velocity from the sonic log velocity. The results revealed that there is a significant agreement in the directions of increase and decrease between the secondary porosity produced by the dolimitization and the velocity deviation. The dolomitization increased significantly in well k-218, while it has a little effect in well k-246 . By observing the velocity deviation curves, it was found that there is a clear difference between the two wells in the types and depths of the porosities. The secondary porosity in well k-246 does not exceed 5%, while it reaches 15% in well k-218. It is the most obvious difference between the two wells, resulting from the increase in the percentage of dolomite in well k-218. Furthermore, the abnormally high primary porosity that appears at various depths in well k-218 is a feature of this well. A high consistency between the thin section information and the velocity deviation technique in terms of porosity types and their locations was observed.

Abstract: Analyses and comparsion of fold style in the Chia Gara anticline, which is located in the high folded zone of Iraq have done between the rocks of the late cretaceous (Bekhme Formation) and rocks of the paleogene (Pila-Spi Formation) using the harmonic analyses of Fourier's mathematical method.The study on two traverse showes a difference vertically and laterally in the fold style between the two formations despite the similarty exist in the lithology and competance.this revels that the fold being affacted and change the style in the Pela Spi Formation largerly developed than the shape in the Bekhme Formation.This indicate that the fold was great affacted by listric fault on the Pila Spi Formation than Bekhme Formation due to reactivation on reverse movement on that fault during the time of collision (continental -continental) between Arabian and Eurasian plates. This leads to the consideration of the influence of the fold by the listric basal faults, which led to a change in the deforming tectonic pattern of the folding process in the Chia Gara Anticline. As it turned out that the shape of the fold in the Pila Spi Formation is more developed than its counterpart in the Bekhme Formation, and this indicates that the fold was affected by a listric fault that affected the Pila Spi Formation to a greater degree than the Bekhme Formation, due to the reactivation of the fault in a reverse movement during the Eocene (i.e., the time of the continental-continental collision) between Arabian and Eurasian plates.

Abstract: The Piran Limestone Unit in the Kani Rash in Piran Subdistrict was studied in order to determine the stratigraphical and palaeontological relationships. Based on the general geology and structural relations of the thrust units in the surroundings the most representative layers were selected. The total number of the collected samples is 10. The same number of the thin sections were prepared and analyzed under the microscope. Lithofacies and Biofacies assemblages were determined from thin sections by using Polarized Microscope. Relatively no complete work has been published on the stratigraphy, palaeontology, depositional environment, and age determination of the Piran Limestone in Iraq. The objective of this study is to determine the stratigraphical and palaeontological relationships in detail for this unit through detailed description of the selected section in terms of petrography, facies analysis and subdivisions of facies in Piran Subdistrict at Northeast of Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. This will be accomplished by determining and assigning relative age of Piran Limestone based on occurrence of fossil assemblages. In order to conclude that, the studies of the local stratigraphy, palaeogeography, and sedimentology will play a major role in the determination of depositional environment of the units along the considered section. The study tries to establish the sedimentologic characteristics and boundaries of the unit with both lower and upper contacts. on the occurrence of Fasciculithus tympaniformis sp., Heliolithus riedelii sp., Reticulofenestra sp., Prinsius sp., Sphenolithus anarrhopus sp., and Sphenolithus moriformis sp., the age of this unit was determined to be Middle Thanetian.

Abstract: The main goal of this study is to figure out how safe rock formations are that have buildings on them and are often visited for research or exploration. In order to do this, the rock masses will be measured with the RMR and CRMR systems. Field and laboratory data are used to gather for these two systems; the RMR system has six parameters, while the CRMR system has eight parameters. The classification method for rock masses is a valuable tool for both geologists and geotechnical professionals, as it enables them to address stability issues and recommend appropriate support systems for the rock masses. Rock masses are rated as fair by the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) classification, necessitating a support system. Ain Al-Dawaar appears into the good category, however the other two caverns fall into the fair group according to the CRMR approach. Therefore, a development process is required for all the caves.

Abstract: Estimating surface runoff that reaches the dam’s reservoir is an urgent demand in the design of dams construction projects and managing water resources. There are many techniques used to estimate the runoff that generates from rainfall. This research aims to compare the peak and volume of runoff that inter to Duhok Dam reservoir in Duhok city in Northern Iraq by two widely used techniques, Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS- CN) and Rational Method. Integrated GIS with remote sensing data was used to apply both techniques over the dam catchment. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 30 m resolution and Sentinel (2A) image of 10 m resolution of 17th February 2016, incorporated with FAO soil group as well as interpolation of rainfall data of four stations have been used to produce the objectives maps for these methods. The result of surface runoff depth shows that the values ranged from 568 mm to 777 mm by the SCS-CN method and 142 mm to 646 mm by the rational method. According to this study, the SCS-CN method provided proper results of runoff estimation by considering different characteristics of runoff and according to the size of the watershed.

Abstract: AbstractDue to information scarcity of the study area so, this work is trying to uncover an important subsurface Nubia sandstone oil reservoir characteristics mainly in terms of porosity using petrographic description in addition to porosity measurements for the core samples raised from two wells (GH404-A2A and GH404-A3B) at South-Ghara oil field, Gulf of Suez region. The studied Nubia Sandstones are mainly classified as quartz arenite. The recorded quartz types indicate that the studied Nubia Sandstone in the two wells has originated from plutonic and high rank metamorphic rocks. The general scarcity of feldspar could be related to its decomposition due to the low topography associated with warm and humid climate. The total porosity of (15) selected sandstone samples representing the Nubia Sandstone was measured by a Helium porosimeter. The average measured value for the studied samples of the Nubia Sandstone is 15.24% and 12.22% for the two wells (GH404-A3B and GH404-A2A), respectively. The value indicates a fair porosity. The recorded porosity type is interparticle, based on the petrographic investigation. The precipitated cement, in the form of iron oxides, calcite, evaporate and silica, as quartz overgrowth or chalcedony are the most effective factors in reducing the primary porosity of the studied rocks. Also, authigenic clay minerals and feldspar influenced primary porosity by reduction.

Abstract: Fourteen soil samples were collected from different stations in Al-Zubair City. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied for determinations of (Pb, Zn, Ni, Cd, Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, and As) to assess the level of pollution in soil. The grain size analyses indicate that soil of silty sand type with low content of clay, the acidity of soil was acidic to slightly alkaline in most stations and have low to moderate content of total organic carbon (TOC) and salts (E.C). The mean concentration of heavy metals followed the order: of Fe>Mn>Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cu>As>Co>Cd. Based on Igeo and PI values, the results obtained high pollution levels for both Cd and Zn, especially in Kut Al-Markaz, Al-Faraha, and Al-Thoahrat stations respectively, whereas IPI indicates low to moderate levels. On the other hand, EF of heavy metals was in decreasing order: EFCo>EFCd>EFAs>EFPb>EFZn>EFNi>EFCu>EFCr>EFMn. Generally, the pollution of Al-Zubair soil was attributed to anthropogenic sources like the industrial emission of the Al-Shuaiba oil Refinery, oil exploration processes, vehicle emissions in the center of the city as well as the waste of petrochemical company nearby Al-Zubair city

Abstract: Abstract: The Baba Formation succession (Middle-Late Oligocene) were studied within the wells (K-1) and (K-2) in the Kirkuk oil field, North-eastern Iraq. As the formation thickness in the first well is about (45) meters and the second well is about (65) meters, respectively. The formation consists of hard limestone, brown in color and dolomitic limestone. Petrography The formation rocks consist of many benthic foraminifera as (Miliolid) and planktonic foraminifera as (Globigerina aselli, Globigerina ampliapertura, Globigerina praebulloides, Catapsydrax dissimilis, Chilogumbelina sp. , Globigerina ciperoensis , Paragloborota liaopima), In addition to Nummulites fichteli, Nummulites vascus and a few of Lepidocyclina sp., echinoderms, bryozoa, and algae, and their fragments. The Microfacies appear to be highly affected by many diagenesis processes such as dolomitization, compaction, cementation, dissolution and recrystallization. The formation composed of three main microfacies, which in turn were divided into (11) secondary microfacies whose general characteristics were similar to the characteristics of the microfacies proposed by Flugel, namely (RMF-2, RMF-3, RMF-5, RMF-7, RMF-13, RMF-16). Based on the results of the microfacies analysis, it was found that the sedimentary environment of the Baba Formation is the carbonate ramp environment, as the facies of the Baba Formation spread within the restricted environment of the inner ramp, which was characterized by the spread of the millolid fossils to the middle ramp environment with the spread of Nummulites shells, and towards the outer ramp with the presence of planktonic foraminifera.

Abstract: A composite biostratigraphic study has been carried out from four selected sections representing an interval between the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary within the Imbricated Zone (Chwarta – Mawat ), Sulaimani area, Kurdistan region northern Iraq. The study covers the Maastrichtian successions, represented by the upper part of the Tanjero and Aqra formations, and the Paleogene succession, represented by the lowermost portion of the Suwais Group. The biostratigraphic study is based on the Large Benthic Foraminifera, supported by planktic foraminifera, Calcareous Nannofossil biozone, and ammonite biozones, which are in turn compared with the local and international biozones. The recorded large benthic foraminifera biozones are: - Loftusia minor, Loftusia coxi, Orbitoides media, and Lepidorbitoides socialis Assemblages Zone(indicates early Late Maastrichtian age).Loftusia morgani, Siderolite calcitrapoides, Orbitoides apiculatus Assemblage Zone (indicates middle Late Maastrichtian age). Loftusia persica-Loftusia elongata Assemblage Zone (indicates late Late Maastrichtian age). The Pseudoguembelina hariaensis Partial Range Zone (CF3) recorded in Kato and Maukaba sections shows an middle Late Maastrichtian age. The recorded Calcareous Nannofossils are related to the Micula murus-Micula prinsii (CC26) Assemblage biozone recorded for the first time in the studied area and almost of Late Maastrichtian age but not extend to the latest Maastrichtian. Also, for the first time, an ammonites biozone was recorded in this area and represented by Hoploscaphites constrictus crassus Partial Range Zone (indicates Early Late Maastrichtian). As a result, the K/Pg represents a significant gap (about 5my) and unconformity with 500m conglomerates.

Abstract: AbstractThe microfacies were identified within the Jaddala Formation in wells (Ja_40, K_243 and K_411) in northeastern Iraq and from the petrographic study it was found that most of the skeletal granules consist of planktonic foraminifra such as ( Globigerina, Globorotalia, Acarinina and Subbotina ). benthonic foraminifra is low, while non-skeletal granules are limited to quartz and phosphate grains, and the groundmass is mainly brown to light micrite. The lithology affected by Diagenetic processes such as compression, cementation, dissolution, recrystallization, and Authigenic minerals such as pyrite. Based on the petrographic study, the form a torn is divided three main Microfacies were identified Lime Mudstone Microfacies (LMJ), Lim Wackstone Microfacies (LWJ) and Lime Packstone Microfacies (LPJ) which was divided into two secondary Submicrofacies planktonic foraminiferal Lime Packstone Submicrofacies (LPJ1) and Bioclastic Lime Packstone Submicrofacies (LPJ2). The depositional environment of the formation was determined depending on the Microfacies content of the fossils planktonic foraminifra and benthonic foraminifra as well as its comparison with the standard Microfacies. Three main environments for the sedimentation of Jaddala Formation were distinguished depending on the classification of the environments set by (Flugel, 2004): (Toe_ of_ Slope, Deep Shelf and Deep Sea). This difference in environments is caused by a difference in the topography of the sedimentary basin.

Abstract: The Kirkuk oil field is one of Iraq's large and old oil fields, as it was produced in the thirties of the previous century (twentieth century). The production of oil for long periods may lead to a decrease in the pressure of the hydrocarbon flow inside the wells, which may require development operations for these wells, and these operations require sufficient knowledge of the petrophysical properties, the most important of which is the porosity of rocks.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the proportions and types of porosity within the rocks of the Bajawan Formation, which is considered one of the oil-producing Tertiary formations in the Kirkuk oil field.In this study, twenty thin sections were analyzed as well as porosity logs for three wells (K-183, K-218, and K-246) drilled in the Baba dome, which is one of the three domes of the Kirkuk anticline.The results of the study showed that the proportion of porosity in the formation was relatively high, that there were multiple types of primary and secondary porosity, and that the effective porosity was close to the total porosity due to the low percentage of shale in the formation. The results of the study also showed that there are some limited areas that may contain gas.

Abstract: The goal of research is estimation of meteorological drought indices and impact in desertification and Land Degradation. The climatic data for time series from 1990-2021 (31 years) were used. The located at coordinate 34°52'29.386"N and 43°26'15.703" E, which involve on the precipitation, temprature, humidity and wind speed…ect, depending on aims of paper. The precipitation-based drought indices (SPI, RDI, PNI, RAI, and ZSI) were calculated and analysis correlation and regression coefficient between its. The result show that all indices was severe drought for the period occurred from 1990-1993 and 1998- 2000, as well as, the highest humid in 2015 to 2018 years (15 to17 year less than zero and 14-16 years above zero according to index), Also, that drought was continuous for years 2020, 2021 and to now. Result indication to positive linear relationship between the SPI and RDI, RAI, ZSI,PNI and PPA is range (R2 = 0.99, 0.96, 0.95, 0.95 and 0.95). While, the correlation relationship between the SPI and another indices was strongly positive (R2 > 0.97).

Abstract: Thirty-seven water samples were collected from the study area between Karbala and Najaf under longitudes (43°90´-44°25´) and latitudes (31°95´-32°40´) to study the physicochemical properties including concentrations of the major ions, minor ions, and heavy metals. The electrical conductivity ranged between (2670-13270 µ/cm), total dissolved solids (1709-8489 ppm), calcium (188-798 ppm), magnesium (81-563 ppm), potassium (3-128 ppm), sodium (235-1200 ppm), chloride (355-1710 ppm), sulphate (582-2740 ppm), bicarbonate (114-1358 ppm), nitrates (0.2-2.1 ppm), the concentration of iron, lead, and cobalt were less than (0.05 ppm), manganese (0.05-0.23 ppm), copper (0.143-0.157 ppm), and nickel (0-0.21 ppm). The hydro-chemical variables showed that salinity concentrations and the major ions increase in the direction of groundwater flow. The water type in the study area is sulphate; The groundwater is polluted with heavy metals in some places in the study area, as it was higher than the permissible standard limits, especially for (Mn, Ni, pb). As for the evaluation of groundwater in the study area for human drinking purposes, it was found that it is not suitable in most of the wells. With regard to its use for animals, it is suitable for livestock and unsuitable for poultry. Indicators (SAR, Na%, PI, KI) were used to evaluate water for irrigation purposes and it was found to be good.

Abstract: The present study is a trial to interpret the geophysical data including shallow seismic refraction (SSR), electric resistivity tomography (ERT), and ground penetrating radar (GPR), in the El-Galala area, Northwestern part of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt, in order to delineate its structural inferences, fracture zones in areas in order to help detect and locate any suspected subsurface cavities and to provide appropriate geotechnical seismic factors .The combined results from the interpretation of the ERT and SSR records obtained over the suspected site in the study area could be divided lithologically into three zones, which are the main geological zones based on variation in resistivity and seismic velocities according to competent of bed with slight thickness variation from one profile to another. The first zone is the upper layer of weathered limestone, gravel fragments, and fractured marl, which is distinguished by poor to somewhat good rock quality. The previous layer is overlaid by the second zone, which has a lithology of fractured argillaceous limestone to the competent rock of intermediate quality. The third zone was used as a hardest layer because it contains the toughest layer of limestone and is distinguished by a high level of competent rock. The bedrock at the site has a velocity range is about 1152 to 1230 m/sec for (S-wave) which is related to very compact and hard limestone. All of the GPR profiles reflect the existence of cracks and discontinuity/weak zones, about 2-4 m from the surface level of the area.

Abstract: The research aims to show the validity of limestone rocks for Pila Spi formation in the fold of Duhok / northern Iraq for Riprap purposes. The formations of Pila Spi, Al-Fat’ha and Injana in addition to the Quaternary sediments are mainaly exposed in the study area. Five stations were selected in the northeastern limb of the anticline Duhok fold, in which the limestone rocks belonging to Pila Spi formation are exposed, petrophysical tests showed that the dry density ranges between (2.46-2.08) g / cm3, the absorption ratio ranges between (3.15-10.90%) and the specific weight values range between (2.66-2.74), While the mechanical tests showed that the percentage of mechanical abrasion ranges between (20.06-58.42%) and the percentage of chemical abrasion ranges between (6.87-21.25%), and when comparing the properties with the specification Florida standard, it was found that it is valid for Riprap purposes in stations (1 and 2) and invalid in stations (3, 4, and 5) because the values of absorption ratio and mechanical abrasion are beyond the limits of the specification. By conducting a comparison between the properties of the rock samples and the specifications Iraqi standard, it was believed that they are valid for Riprap purposes in stations (1, 2, and 3) and not valid in stations (4 and 5) because the percentage of mechanical abrasion is beyond the boundaries of the specification. In comparison with the properties with the specification American standard,....

Abstract: Anticipating pore pressures are essential for the operation of drilling success for oil and gas wells in particular that may anticipate encounter abnormal pressure, i.e. higher than normal pressure. Drilling problems such as differential pipe sticking, lost circulation and thus drilling costs, can be significantly reduced by early recognize the abnormal high pore pressures. The normal range for pressures attain to 0.433 and 0.50 psi/ft. Usual muds density is about 9 ppg. (pounds per gallon) which exert a bottom hole pressure of about 0.47 psi/ft. Meanwhile a well is in the process of being drilled, there are several parameters that indicate the presence of abnormal pressure, such as a sudden increase in penetration rate (ROP), a sudden increase in the temperature of the drilling mud, and a decreases in the density of the shale fragment. The producing wells which were used in this study are (AAm-5, AAm-4, AAm-3, AAm-2, and AAm-1.) There are many methods for predicting the abnormal pore pressures., The current study focuses on three methods were used, which are the ratio (d- exponent) method, acoustic probes method, and the shale density method. This study was conducted in the Abu Amoud oil field, (certainly in Iraq) located in the northwestern part of DhiQar Governorate. This oil field includes five oil wells, each well producing from four units. More than one method was used to find intervals of abnormal pressure for the Zubair Formation,

Abstract: Abstract: Surface self-potential SP geophysical method conducted in Seikanian suburban area situated in north of Kirkuk city about 5 km which is suffer from deficiency of water supply. To acquire SP data two survey lines of gradient layout achieved , one in northern part near the foothill another perpendicular to the former, addition 22 grid points of SP measurements taken spread over the studied area. Water Pumping test carried out in a well with SP reading monitoring the water table drawdown operation. The aim was to delineate underground water accumulation and sensitivity of self-potential signal to water hydraulic head in the well. The acquired data interpreted by profiling curves and SP contour maps using Surfer 8 Software. The results showed there is streaming electric potential condition in the subsurface of the studied area indicates groundwater existence and the pumping test procedures with accordance by monitoring SP device proved that SP readings is sensitive to hydraulic head which is a good tool to estimate some hydrologic properties namely water transmissivity and conductivity of the aquifer . The water table depth is about 7 m in the study area.