Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 1-31
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.133386.1010
The present study depends on (9) samples of the stratigraphic section between the depths (1120.5-1197) m from Akkas-1 borehole, western Iraq. These samples yielded enrichment of well-preserved Miospores except for one sample at (1178) m, which is of poor preservation.
These samples yielded (129) species of Miospores belonging to (57) genera, and (16) species are expected to be new species. The Index species of the studied stratigraphic section indicate Late Visean - Serpukhovian age including:
Aratrisporties saharaensis, Kraeuselisporites ornatus, Colatisporites denticulatus, C.decorus, Rotaspora knoxi, Prolycospora rugulosa, Spelaeotriletes spp., Vallatisporites spp. Savitrisporites nux, Waltzispora polita, W. planianulata, Raistrickia accincta, R. nigra. The sedimentary basin of these samples was promoted by the swampy and Lagoon ecosystem and the presence of some acritarchs indicating a periodic connection with the sea. The ferns of the plant's group Petridophyta include the presence of genera: Vallatisporites, Kraeuselisporites, Densosporites, Raistrickia, and Spelaeotriletes, which belong to herbal lycopods within the group of ferns, give us a conviction of the presence of forest conditions adjacent to the swamps
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 32-46
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.134663.1019
The Euphrates River is one of the lengthiest rivers in West Asia. Its length is 2786 km. The river basin has an area of 440,000 km². It enters Iraq, north of Huseiba on the Iraqi-Syrian borders, and cuts through carbonate bedrock forming a very slim strip flood plain. This study describes and explains the hydrochemistry, water quality, water plus sediment pollution assessments, and sediment geochemistry of the Euphrates River within Iraq by reviewing several environmental, geochemical, and environmental pollution in previous papers.
The water chemistry of the Euphrates River revealed good and clear results during years 2012 and 2016 and it is characterized by dominant SO4 and Cl ions in 2013, although the water was chemistry altered through the year 2021. The high temperatures and the absence of rainfall contributed to the deposition of large quantities of gypsum on the river bed, which caused the depletion of SO4= in the river water. By way, the sequential of the salt’s precipitation and ions solubility was increased.
From 1995 to 2020, it is clear that there are increasing concentrations of toxic trace elements in sediment such as Cu, Ni, Co, and Cd. The content of these elements in the Euphrates River sediments increased towards Basra City with an increase in water salinity due to the climatic changes that occurred in recent years and the desertification of the region. Also, agricultural and industrial activities, domestic wastewater discharge, and irregular continuing human consumption of the river water had the greatest role in causing pollution.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 47-66
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.134616.1018
Claystone beds exposed in the Mukdadiyah (Lower Bakhtiyary) and Injana (Upper Fars) Formations at Taq Taq in the Kurdistan Region-North of Iraq will be used in this study for Ceramic Industry. The estimation of qualitative variation of Clay beds is dependent on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the ceramics industry. The claystone is sandy mud composed of 49-58% clay, 22.6 – 31.6% silt, and 10.4-31.4% sand. Linear shrinkage was seen in the Fired claystone specimens between - 0.23 to 4.32
%. bulk density 1.02 – 1.42 gm/cm3, and the efflorescence is varied from nil to Heavy. The main constituents of the investigated clays are SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3 ranging between (39.4 -43.3%,11.6-16.32%, and 8.52-10.17%) respectively. A significant amount of Fe2O3 is recorded in the samples, ranging from 4.87 – 6.02%. As per Iraqi Standard Standards No. 25, the claystone of the studied area is an appropriate content for the construction of pierced and conventional bricks in classes B and A for the wall tiles are class B3, Grade 2 and 3 for Roofing tiles.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 67-89
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.135180.1025
The mineralogical and geochemical constituents of the Aptian-Albian Malha Formation at the Abu Darag region, Gulf of Suez, Egypt, can be discussed here. These constituents are related to paleoweathering and paleoclimatic circumstances that managed the depositional settings. The present study aims to evaluate the geochemical conditions that have control over the depositional environments and characterizes them in terms of lithological, mineralogical, and chemical composition. To achieve this aim, selected kaolinitic clay samples were geochemically and mineralogically examined. Kaolinite and quartz are the main constituent minerals in the investigated samples, whereas anatase and hematite serve as auxiliary minerals. The presence of hematite minerals indicates precipitation in an oxidizing environment, whereas anatase is related to basaltic rock. Bivariate discrimination provenance diagrams, major oxides, and trace elements all identify felsic-intermediate igneous source rocks as the leading contenders. The examined samples were deposited in non-marine environments and underwent weak to moderate chemical weathering as well as severe physical induration in tropical climates.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 90-104
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.135129.1022
The limestone of Jeribe Formation in Bekhair anticline, Duhok Governorate, was assessed as raw materials for the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) industry. Four sections were selected; the formation consists of fossiliferous limestone and thin layers of dolomitic limestone. The petrographic study showed that the main mineral of limestone rocks is fine calcite with a size less than 0.25 cm. The chemical analysis revealed that the mean concentration of CaO is 51.77% which dominates over other oxides, including MgO (2.06%), SiO2 (1.95%), Al2O3 (0.60%), and, Fe2O3 (0.22%), While the remaining oxides (K2O, Na2O, TiO2, MnO, P2O5, and SO3) are present in traces. The lime saturation factors (LSF) of the studied sections range from (1651.70 to 2334.89), which are over the limits necessary for high-quality cement; thus, a claystone rock from the Fatha Formation was added to achieve the best point of clinker LSF. The physical and mechanical tests of samples indicate low porosity, and the compressive strength range between (168-1291 kg/cm²), which are acceptable for the cement industry and make the rocks easy to crush and grind during the preparation of the mixture. According to the results of the analyses, we conclude that the mixture of limestone ranges between (65.9-69.3) and claystone ranges between (30.7-34.1) in the study area are of good quality and meet international standards for ordinary portland cement.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 105-120
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.135153.1023
The present study concerns the sedimentology of the lower part of The Bekhme Formation at the Bekhair anticline, Dohuk area, northern Iraq. This part shows a high spectrum of lithological and petrographical variations of allochthonous and autochthonous carbonate sediments. Accordingly, the formation divides into 3 Facies
1. Random clasts Carbonate Megabreccia .
2. Planktonic Foraminiferal Wackestone.
3. Rounded Clasts Intraformational Carbonate Conglomerate.
The facies analysis and their deposition mechanism suggest that the area's deposit environment represents carbonate slope, which was affected by local tectonism of syndepositional normal faulting. The architectural analysis of the sedimentary environment shows that this fault had affected the facies directly, giving considerable variation in the sedimentary environment ( depth, oxygen percent, and bioactivity). These variations are reflected in the carbonate rock types, sedimentary structures, and the early diagenetic processes. The constructed sedimentological model for the basin in this particular environment proposed that this syndepositional normal fault was directly responsible for the type of the carbonate rocks at the lower part of the formation ( the older three facies), and this was reflected by increases in the angle of carbonate slope and also increasing of carbonate sediments mobility towards the half-graben made by the fault. The Bekhme Formation represents part of the main mega sequence (AP9). Within the Late Campanian – Maastrichtian age, This period was characterized by local subsidence caused by secondary normal faults, which are responsible for the formation of the secondary basin. The proposed fault in this study is one of these faults.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 121-139
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.135251.1027
This study is conducted along fifteen seismic refraction traverses in the reservoir part of the failed Chaqchaq dam NW of Sulaimani City. The results show that the area consists of three geological layers. The first layer consists of soil with a thickness ranging between 0.05-3.10m, whereas the second layer consists of rock fragments ranging between 1.93-13.11m and the third layer is specified as a consolidated and cohesive limestone of the Kometan Formation that lies at a depth ranging between 2.0-16.2m. The Kometan limestone surface is irregular due to weathering and fracture as a result of tectonic movement leading to the collapse of the area and later on filled with sediments of recent deposits, or maybe decamped by water then karstification occurred.
Based on the estimated geotechnical parameters from Vp and Vs and measured density, the result will indicate that the first and second layers is weak and fissured and subjected to sinkholes buried with recent sediments. Whereas the third layer indicates the harder-to-fracture rocks, the research would find the linear relationship between Vp and Vs of the first, second, and third layers. The relationships between Poisson's ratio and Vs/Vp for the first layer and Vs/Vp for the second layer are pointed as inverse relationships. This means that increasing Poisson's ratios reduces both Vs/Vp ratio and the brittleness of the materials. Also, the elastic modulus and shear (rigidity) modulus as well as bulk modulus values are directly proportional with increasing depth, especially within the hard and cohesive Kometan Fn.
The results also show the basic design of the dam construction was not done scientifically. The beginning parts of most traverses appear to the presence of sinkhole that was related to the filling of the layers with water during the winter rainy season and then penetrating deeply, which leads to the collapse of the layer and forming this sinkhole, this sinkhole can be considered as the reason for the dam collapsing.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 140-152
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.176633
Drought monitoring is one of the most difficult steps required for optimal planning it must be diligently calculated to ensure success in future plans. In this study, a fuzzy logic control system was developed to monitor drought in the long term based on the values of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-12) and several climate variables. The system applied meteorological data obtained from the meteorological station of the city of Mosul northwest of Iraq and showed that the predicted data confirms the observed data. To verify this conformity further, the accuracy of the prediction and the errors were calculated to test the validity of this system in drought monitoring and the performance efficiency of the system was found to be equal to 82.3%. The system showed high flexibility and capability to represent several different scenarios because of its wide range in designing and selecting Membership Functions and the number of data variables that can be used as its input. Based on the output data and the accuracy of the operation of the system, this system can be recommended to serve as an effective tool for long-term drought monitoring to develop optimal future plans in environmental and agricultural fields in the study area.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 153-165
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.135434.1028
In Kurdistan Region-Iraq, drilling wells and extracting groundwater for agricultural purposes, household, and industrial reasons have increased rapidly over the last several decades, making groundwater an essential water supply. This study aims to evaluate groundwater aquifers' hydrogeological conditions and hydraulic properties in the eastern and western sites of Erbil Basin (north Iraq). The groundwater-bearing formations in the study area are the Bakhtiari and Recent formations. Thirty-six (36) groundwater boreholes in which eighteen (18) for each part of the Erbil Basin were taken to characterize and compare the hydrogeological parameters of the area.
In Kurdistan Region-Iraq, groundwater uses as one of the significant resources for household, agricultural and industrial purposes have increased rapidly over the last several decades. This study aims to evaluate groundwater aquifers and hydrogeological conditions in the eastern and western sites of Erbil Basin, northern Iraq. The groundwater-bearing beds in the study area belong to the Bakhtiari formations and Recent deposits. From thirty-six groundwater boreholes, in which eighteen (18) water samples for each part of the Erbil Basin, are collected to characterize and compare the hydrogeological parameters of the area. The transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and storativity derived from pumping test data are calculated using (Cooper-Jacob and Theis Recovery). On the eastern side, the results of transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and storativity by the Cooper-Jacob method are between 0.30 - 28.19 m2/day, 0.001 -0.116 m/day, and 0.03 - 0.98, respectively. On the western side, the transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and storativity are between 0.42 - 141.6 m2/day, 0.001 - 0.701 m/day, and 0.01- 0.92 respectively. Using the recovery method, the results of transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity on the eastern side are between 0.28 - 52.52 m2/day and 0.001 - 0.217 m/day, respectively, while on the western side, the transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity were between 2.64 - 161.33 m2/day, 0.011 - 0.798 m/day respectively. Generally, the results of the pumping test by both methods show that the transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity rate on the western side are higher than on the eastern side. The pumping test method is a successful method for identifying hydrogeological parameters of aquifers, highlighting its potential to monitor aquifers and groundwater resource management in the Erbil basin.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 166-191
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.135553.1029
Combined geology, mineralogy, and geochemical data of some Egyptian clay minerals have been proved to be a powerful tool in evaluating these clay deposits for the vitrified clay pipes industry. Representative samples underwent mineralogical and geochemical analysis involving major and trace element analyses. A geochemical study of clay deposits from the different formations in Egypt was carried out to determine the environmental deposition, provenance, chemical index of alteration, and paleo-oxygenation conditions. Mineralogical studies using X-ray diffraction analysis revealed prominent kaolinite, montmorillonite, and illite peaks; harmful accessory minerals included quartz, hematite, halite, calcite, and dolomite. The total silica content is high in Mendishia, Monkar El-Wahsh, Bahariya, Wadi Natrun, Sebaya, Gabal Hamza, and Qasr El-Sagha clay deposits while Heiz and Arish clay deposits have lower silica content. The studied clay deposits are characterized by high alumina (11.5% to 18.3%) and silica (45.6% to 60.2%) contents. The CaO and MgO are high in Heiz and Arish clay deposits which implies that carbonates are present. They are characterized by very high Fe2O3, Ba, Sr, and Zr as well as low K2O, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Y, Pb, Ga, and Nb contents. The Heiz and Arish clay deposits characterized by high content of Na2O. The studied characteristics are relevant for the properties of vitrified clay pipes and that three clay deposits of (Heiz, Gabal Hamza, and Monkar El-Wahsh clay deposits) exhibit the required characteristics.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 192-208
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.135618.1031
The main purpose of the present work is to describe the microfossils and biostratigraphy of marine Eocene deposits, which described and studied in detail from carbonates of the Naopurdan Group, Chwarta area, Kurdistan Region, Northeastern Iraq, in order to define the main important index fossils and to give the biostratigraphy and age determination of the study area. A total of thirty-eight samples spaced ca 0.5 to 1 m apart, have been collected from the field, approximately 60 thin sections were examined and the microfossils have been identified by using polarized microscopes. Three main biozones were recorded in the studied section, these zones are: (Nummulites globulus - Nummulites planulatus zone, at the bottom of the section and assigned to the Early Eocene (Ypressian) age, Nummulites mamillatus - Nummulites alsharhani zone, which collected from the middle part of the section is assigned to the Middle Eocene (Lutetian) age and Nummulites fabianii - Assilina exponens zone which collected from the upper part of the section is assigned to the Early Bartonian age, so the studied section of the Naopurdan Group suggest to be Ypressian - Early Bartonian age, these three biozones were correlated with the other zones inside and outside Iraq
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2022, Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 209-230
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2022.176650
The Khazir River Basin is among the most important areas in terms of agricultural importance and diversity of agricultural crops; therefore, groundwater is extensively pumped in this area which is the main resource of water for domestic and agricultural purposes. The purpose of this research was to locate and map this crucial and significant water resource in order to better understand the occurrence and distribution of groundwater potential in the basin. This can be achieved through utilizing remote sensing data from Sentinel-2B with 10m resolution for obtaining Land use/Landcover (LULC) maps and lineament density., DEM (30m resolution) was used for drainage density and estimating the slope map of the area. In addition, the geological map and interpolated rainfall data were used as well. GIS has also been used for running the model to obtain Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZs) map. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used for mapping the potential groundwater zones. The results indicate that approximately 89% of the studied region falls inside a zone with a high or very high groundwater potential.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2018, Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages 1-14
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2018.159255
The main task of this research is to study the distribution of the engineering properties of rocks and soils at the part of the area located in the south western Mosul City. The relationship of these aspects with the geology of the area and its importance of preliminary designs of structures has been studied as well. The data are collected from the reports on geological investigations and engineering laboratory testing of the proposed third canal of the South Jazirah Irrigation Project. Most of the land region is covered by the soil, that thickness ranges between 0 and nearly 20 meters and penetrated by boreholes reaching to the subsurface of evaporating, carbonate and clastic rocks of Fat’ha and Injana formations.
Data processing and evaluation of 66 boreholes are used to find the statistical relations among them. The studied area was divided into four secondary regions ( northern, southern, western and eastern). The studied engineering tests have been included the physical, mechanical and dynamic properties, which have generally low values in most areas. The distribution of the means of all properties that used in the assessment of the properties of soil and rock with the relation of the geological area has shown good properties when approaching to the anticlines of Allan, Hamam Al-Aleel, Nwaigeet, Kaliyan, Al- Shorah, Kassab and Addayah. The study shows that the relationship between the liquid limit and plasticity index is good for all data. The relationship between moisture content and dry density is also good however, the relationship between moisture content and the ratio of dry and saturated density is better, because of the higher relationship between porosity and moisture content. The relationship between bulk density and the velocity of longitudinal waves reveales a sharp reduction of the velocity values of longitudinal waves with reducing of the bulk density values. While, the relationship between bulk density and shear wave velocity is better due to the effect of shear waves withthe porosity more than that of longitudinal waves. In order to confirm that, it has been found that the relationship between the shear waves velocity and moisture content is the best in contrast with a velocity of longitudinal waves. Generally, the relation between dynamic properties with moisture content has a higher correlation coefficient with that of the density. The distribution of most of the engineering properties has shown low values in eastern and western region in contrast with the northern and southern ones.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2018, Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages 1-12
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2018.159262
The biostratigraphy of Balambo Formation has been investigated within a well-exposed section at the northeastern limb of Zozik anticline, near Barsarin Village, northeastern Iraq. The studied section consists mainly of marl, marly limestone and limestone. These rocks yielded moderately diversified planktonic foraminiferal fauna and radiolarian skeletons, in addition to some benthonic foraminifera and bioclast. The study is focusing on planktonic foraminiferal taxa, which are classified to ten species belonging to three genera. the stratigraphic distribution of the recorded species permits the recognition of five well defined biozones. These are in descending order:
. Globigerinelloides algeriana Taxon range Zone. (part)
. Globigerinelloides ferreolensis Interval Zone.
. Globigerinelloides blowi Interval Zone.
. Hedbergella sigali Interval Zone.
. Globuligerina hoterivica Interval Zone.
The planktonic foraminiferal biozones are correlated with other zonal schemes. They are considered to be extending from Late Valanginian to Late Aptian age.
. Globigerinelloides algeriana Taxon range Zone. (part)
. Globigerinelloides ferreolensis Interval Zone.
. Globigerinelloides blowi Interval Zone.
. Hedbergella sigali Interval Zone.
. Globuligerina hoterivica Interval Zone.
-
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2018, Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages 61-88
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2018.159265
Francolite (one of apatite group) found in marine formation sedimentary rocks. It is called carbonate-fluorapatite; owing to the substitution of CO3 for PO4 in its unit cell; Ca10(PO4CO3)6F2. Francolite unit cell composed of 4 Ca occupy the sites on ternary axis which are represent the Ca(I) sites, 6 Ca occupy the sites on hexad axis which are represent the Ca(II) sites. 6 P are joined with 24 oxygen to form 6 phosphate tetrahedrons and 2 sites occupied by F in the intermediate channel of the francolite crystal.
There is no differences will noticed along the three a-axis due to the slight effect of the substitution in the 4 Ca(I), this is may be due to the homogenous effects along the three a-axis in these sites. On the other hand, the substitution of planner carbonates for the tetrahedron phosphates cause decreasing in a-axis and slight increasing in the c-axis. These changes are reflected on the x-ray diffraction patterns; the angular distance (Δ2θ distance) between the two faces 410 and 004 will decrease, shifting in some peak positions and increasing in the width of reflecting peaks. The present study deals with the idea of the substitution of (CO32-+F-) for (PO43-) and suggests the Ca(I) sites are candidate to the substitution for large cations e.g. Sr2+, Ba2+and K+ and the Ca(II) sites for smaller cations e.g. Mg2+ .
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2018, Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages 69-98
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2018.159266
A part of the Govanda Formation is studied in five outcrops from northeastern Iraq near the Iraqi-Iranian borders. It consists of polygenic conglomerates, detrital limestones (conglomeratic limestone), and highly fossiliferous limestones of reef- fore-reef facies with occasional interbedding of terrigenous sediments. Tectonically, the formation is important for its location in the very active Sanandij-Sirjan (Suture) Zone and for its deposition in Middle Miocene, which was assigned previously as an age of continental-continental colliding of Zagros Fold-Thrust belt. Additionally, it is overlaying different rocks units of pre-Miocene, especially resting on the Qulqula Radiolarian Formation in an angular unconformity relationship. The high-energy and tectonically active shallow and normal- marine environment is inferred from many facies such as coral framestone, pelecypod floatstone facies, coral and lithoclast rudstone, coral bufflestone, stromatolite bindstone, foraminifera and red algal bioclastic packstone–wackstone, reworked foraminiferal-lithoclast grainstone-packstone, lithoclast grainstone and terrigenous lime sandstone. The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of The environment of the formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hithe formation was hi the formation was hithe formation was hi the formation was hithe formation was hi gh energygh energy gh energygh energygh energygh energygh energy , shallow and normalshallow and normalshallow and normalshallow and normalshallow and normalshallow and normalshallow and normalshallow and normalshallow and normal shallow and normal shallow and normalshallow and normalshallow and normalshallow and normal- marine seamarine sea marine seamarine seamarine seamarine seamarine seamarine seamarine sea, which which which consist consist consistconsistconsists of of of foreforeforefore-reef, reef and backreef, reef and back reef, reef and backreef, reef and backreef, reef and backreef, reef and backreef, reef and back reef, reef and backreef, reef and backreef, reef and back reef, reef and back -reefreef reef. The tectonic and paleogeographic relations of the formation are discussed in terms of facies and boundary condition. It is confirmed that thethethe Sanandij Sanandij-Sirjan Zone w Sirjan Zone wSirjan Zone wSirjan Zone w Sirjan Zone wSirjan Zone wSirjan Zone wSirjan Zone wSirjan Zone wSirjan Zone was subjected to as subjected to as subjected to as subjected to as subjected to as subjected to as subjected to as subjected to as subjected to as subjected to as subjected to an extension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continental extension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continental extension not compression (continental extension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continental extension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continental extension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continental extension not compression (continental extension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continental extension not compression (continentalextension not compression (continental-continental colliding) continental colliding)continental colliding)continental colliding)continental colliding)continental colliding)continental colliding) continental colliding)continental colliding)continental colliding)continental colliding) continental colliding)continental colliding)continental colliding) continental colliding)continental colliding)continental colliding), as cited in some studies as cited in some studiesas cited in some studies as cited in some studiesas cited in some studiesas cited in some studies as cited in some studiesas cited in some studies as cited in some studiesas cited in some studiesas cited in some studiesas cited in some studiesas cited in some studiesas cited in some studiesas cited in some studiesas cited in some studies as cited in some studiesas cited in some studiesas cited in some studies. The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin The richness of the basin and fauna fauna fauna fauna indicateindicate indicate indicates that it that it that it that it that it that it was was was connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean connected to Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.درست جزء مزن تیزوین نوانزدا ازی ممسزة میاشزا مزن شزمار شزرق العز ا رق بزالدرا مزن الحزدود الع ا رقیزة
الإی ا رنیززةو وتتززملا مززن الحجززر الجیززر) المت تززت یالحجززر الجیززر) المززدممیع ل والحجززر الجیززر) ززالع محتززو مززن
Stratigraphy and Facies Analysis of the Govanda Formation from…………….
71
المتحج ا رت ال ا رجعة الزع الشزعاا المرجانیزة و مدزدمت،ا ا والمزدممیات المتعزدد الاصزر مزا التزدامات العر زیة
لمرسوبیات الداریزةو تکتونیزااالتکوین م،زم وقو زف ازی ن زاق سزنندج سزرجان العالیزة النشزا یمز الالتحزامل و ز ال -
لترسّززبف اززی المایوسززین اطوسزز ا والزز ) ا تبززرت سززابدقا کعمززر اصزز دام قززار) قززار) لحزز ا ءم ال یززات و ال والززق -
الانءلاقیةو بالإ ااة إلى ل ا اإنف یدا ازوق وحزدات الصزمور الممتم زة و مزر مزا قبزر المیوسزینا وماصزة یدزا
اوق تکوین قولدولة ا ردیولاریتیة ای اقة زدم التواازق الز ا ءو)و اسزتنت ال اقزة العالیزة وتیتونیزة النشز ة لمبی زة
البحریزززة الا تیادیزززة لمتیزززوینو و ززز ا البی زززة ال ا رجعزززة الزززع الشزززعاا المرجانیزززة والجء زززع اطمزززامی اولمم زززی لشزززعاا
الاستنتاجو تم من مار د ا رسة سمنات دید مثر:
coral framestone, pelecypod floatstone, coral and lithoclast rudstone, coral bufflestone, stromatolite bindstone, foraminifera and red algal bioclastic packstone–wackstone, reworked foraminiferal-lithoclast grainstone-packstone, lithoclast grainstone and terrigenous lime sandstone facies
وتم مناقشة العاقات التکتونیة والجغ ا رایة الددیمة لمتکوین من مار السمنات و اقات الحدودیةو أکدت
أن الجء المدروس من من دة ن اق سنندج سرجان م ا لمتمدید ولیس الان غا یالاص دام الدار)- -
الدار)لا کما ورد ای بعض الد ا رسات السابدةو غنى الحوض بالحیوانات البحریة الا تیادیة یشیر إلى أنف
حو ف کان متصا بالمحی ال،ند) والبحر اطبیض المتوس .
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2011, Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 1-22
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2011.5501
The average CIA value for the Injana Formation (Late Miocene) sampled across a section consisting of alternating mudstones, siltstones and sandstones deposited mainly in fresh water environment is rather low value (45.6) indicating the very low level of chemical alteration which the source rocks have suffered which is mainly due to semi-arid to arid climate of weathering and also due to nearby position of the basin of deposition. No overall variation in climatic condition was observed along the section from bottom to top .The variation of major and trace elements involved in this study with mean values of CIA for the sandstone, siltstone and mudstone lithologies was attributed to either mobility of the element concerned (Na, K and Rb) or to gravity fractionation of minerals that host the element or to climate of weathering and deposition (P2O5, Ni, Co & TiO2). Major contribution of recycled argillaceous or clay rich sediments to the Injana Formation do not agree with the results reached in the present study.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2018, Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages 89-104
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2018.159260
The current study conducted a seismic refraction survey using seismic refraction tomography (SRT), and the use of the multi-channel analysis technique of surface waves (MASW) at the site of Al-Amal apartments in Kirkuk Governorate ( northern Iraq) in order to determine the thickness, depth and velocity of the sub-surface layers. Moreover, a geotechnical assessment is measured in addition to determining the characteristics of these layers and specifying the appropriate layer for establishing the project.The data are processed and interpreted by using SeisImager™/SW software to obtain the velocity of longitudinal waves (VP) represented in the form of a seismic tomography section. The velocity of shear waves (VS ) is extracted from the phase velocity of Rayleigh surface waves using MASW method. The 2D seismic tomography sections represent longitudinal velocity (VP) and the depth of the survey lines. It also has been got three one-dimensional sections representing shear waves (VS ) with the depth. The results show the presence of three layers, and through dynamic flexibility parameters are calculated, and two of geotechnical parameters are applied for the three layers based on the seismic velocity of longitudinal, shear and density. According to these geotechnical parameters, the third layer has better geotechnical specifications than the layers above it, which is suitable for the engineering project. .
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2012, Volume 12, Issue 2, Pages 29-40
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2012.36289
Remote sensing techniques had been used to identify the total areas of the land covered with sand dunes for the region to the east of Lake Al-Thar Thar and towards Biji industrial town, and detecting the direction of its movement based on data obtained from the satellite images Landsat-5 (TM) 1990, and Landsat-7
(ETM +) 2000, also specify the land use of the region through the identification of sites of industrial plants, roads, water, rock, soils, and others. The results showed that the sand dunes presence as a characteristics bands as well as the possibility of determining the total area that covered by sand dunes during the specified interval time.
The results showed the great variety of the areas for the region covered with sand dunes and it ranging between (249.89) km2 in the year 1990 and about (643.92) km2 in 2000.The increases of the area covered by the sand dunes was due to the movement of sand dunes to the east of (Biji) and south-east towards Tikrit city, also many of the industrial establishment in the region was affected and exposed to the problem of sand drifting. This make the determination of the direction and the speed of movement of sand dunes taking into consideration when we planning for expansion of urban and industrial future of the industrial city of Biji.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2004, Volume 4, Issue 2, Pages 84-98
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2004.37742
Models of ground water are one of most important techniques and powerful tools for solving problems or questions of ground water. Mathematical model was designed for the verification of ground water system in Bashiqa area northern Iraq which situated between latitude , and longitude , .
The total area involved in the mathematical model was 95km by using Finite Difference Method (FDM) for presenting the model. The results of model application was the determining ground water level in the study area and the direction of flow of ground water. The future behavior of ground water of the research area has been predicted, in the case of drilling new wells.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2007, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages 1-14
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2007.39243
Sinjar Mountain is situated to the north-west of Iraq, which is one of the important sites of the range lands in the country. Many recent studies and researches in the world have shown the possibility of using means and technology of remote sensing in the determination and evaluation of cases of vegetation cover degradation depending on the normalized differences vegetation index (NDVI) and on the other vegetation indexes.
The study included the use of visual interpretation methods in the analysis of landsat images with (MSS) and (TM) systems, which are taken in different periods of time during the year seasons and with different spectral bands (1,2,3,4,7) for Sinjar Mountain and Badyat Al-Jazeera. The correlation between vegetation indexes such as simple ratio (SR), vegetation index (VI), normalized differences vegetation index (NDVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) were studied through the calculation of spectral reflectences values with different wave lengths.
The results showed the presence of strong relation between the density of vegetation cover and the evaluation of deterioration state with the reflection values with the red spectral band. It has also been found that there is a strong correlation between the values of (NDVI) and the density of vegetation cover and the degradation of range lands, in addition to the influence of sloping degree and direction in Sinjar Mountain on the (NDVI) calculated values.
Iraqi National Journal of Earth Science,
2011, Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 1-22
DOI:
10.33899/earth.2011.5501
The average CIA value for the Injana Formation (Late Miocene) sampled across a section consisting of alternating mudstones, siltstones and sandstones deposited mainly in fresh water environment is rather low value (45.6) indicating the very low level of chemical alteration which the source rocks have suffered which is mainly due to semi-arid to arid climate of weathering and also due to nearby position of the basin of deposition. No overall variation in climatic condition was observed along the section from bottom to top .The variation of major and trace elements involved in this study with mean values of CIA for the sandstone, siltstone and mudstone lithologies was attributed to either mobility of the element concerned (Na, K and Rb) or to gravity fractionation of minerals that host the element or to climate of weathering and deposition (P2O5, Ni, Co & TiO2). Major contribution of recycled argillaceous or clay rich sediments to the Injana Formation do not agree with the results reached in the present study.
Publisher: College of Science / University of Mosul
Email: injes@uomosul.edu.iq
Editor-in-chief: Professor Dr. Rayan Ghazi Thannoun
Print ISSN: 1682-3222
Online ISSN: 2664-2816
